Dental disease is one of the most common health problems dogs
and cats encounter. Roughly 80% of dogs and 70% of cats 3 years or older have
some form of periodontal disease. The process of periodontal disease begins with
the formation of plaque by salivary proteins and bacteria. The bacteria irritate
the gum resulting in gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). If the plaque is
removed frequently by tooth brushing, the gingivitis resolves. If the plaque is
not removed, then it hardens into tartar. The rough surface of the tartar
provides more surface area for even more plaque to form. At this point, bad
breath occurs. Inflammation continues in the gums and can become so severe as to
cause bone loss around the tooth roots. Eventually, the bone loss can be such
that the teeth become loose and may fall out.
Tooth loss may not sound like the end of the world, but more
severe consequences can result from periodontal disease. The millions of
bacteria present in a periodontal disease stricken mouth can spread to other
parts of the body, especially the heart and kidneys, resulting in severe disease
in these organs.
Of course, plaque removal reverses the gingivitis and
restores gum and tooth health. As mentioned previously, dedicated tooth brushing
works best in removing plaque. A soft-bristled toothbrush with a small head or
other dog- or cat-specific toothbrush is the best tool for removing plaque from
your pet’s teeth. Furthermore, special pet toothpaste is available in different
flavors. Human toothpaste should not be used as the foaming agents in the human
products can cause stomach upset if swallowed. Fluoride is not necessary because
cats and dogs do not generally get cavities. Feeding special tooth diets such as
Hill’s T/D and encouraging chewing activities with hard rubber or nylon toys
also help decrease the accumulation of plaque.
Having talked about prevention, what do we do when there is
already tartar present? Although bone destruction cannot be reversed, gingivitis
can, with ultrasonic scaling above and below the gum line. As we cannot tell the
pet to "hold still," this procedure must be done with the pet being under
anesthesia. Although anesthesia has its inherent risks, having blood work done
to ascertain the health of your pet’s organs can minimize these risks.
Daily tooth brushing, special diets, chewing activities, and
regular examinations by your veterinarian can provide your companion with fresh
breath and healthy teeth and gums. In addition, you will be helping your pet
maintain his or her overall good health.
